Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
Michael R. Wilson, MD, MAS; Brian D. O’Donovan, MS; JeffreyM. Gelfand, MD, MAS; Hannah A. Sample, BS; Felicia C. Chow, MD, MAS; John P. Betjemann, MD; Maulik P. Shah, MD; Megan B. Richie, MD; Mark P. Gorman, MD; Rula A. Hajj-Ali, MD; Leonard H. Calabrese, DO; Kelsey C. Zorn, MHS; Eric D. Chow, PhD; John E. Greenlee, MD; Jonathan H. Blum, MD, PhD; Gary Green, MD; Lillian M. Khan, BS; Debarko Banerji, BS; Charles Langelier,MD, PhD; Chloe Bryson-Cahn, MD; Whitney Harrington, MD, PhD; Jairam R. Lingappa, MD, PhD; Niraj M. Shanbhag, MD, PhD; Ari J. Green, MD, MAS; Bruce J. Brew, MBBS, DMedSci, DSc; Ariane Soldatos, MD; Luke Strnad, MD; Sarah B. Doernberg, MD, MAS; Cheryl A. Jay, MD; Vanja Douglas, MD; S. Andrew Josephson, MD; Joseph L. DeRisi, PhD

JAMA Network, 2018

Abstract: Importance Identifying infectious causes of subacute or chronic meningitis can be challenging. Enhanced, unbiased diagnostic approaches are needed. Objective To present a case series of patients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supported by a statistical framework generated from mNGS of control samples from the environment and from patients who were noninfectious. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case series, mNGS data obtained from the CSF of 94 patients with noninfectious neuroinflammatory disorders and from 24 water and reagent control samples were used to develop and implement a weighted scoring metric based on z scores at the species and genus levels for both nucleotide and protein alignments to prioritize and rank the mNGS results. Total RNA was extracted for mNGS from the CSF of 7 participants with subacute or chronic meningitis who were recruited between September 2013 and March 2017 as part of a multicenter study of mNGS pathogen discovery among patients with suspected neuroinflammatory conditions. The neurologic infections identified by mNGS in these 7 participants represented a diverse array of pathogens. The patients were referred from the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (n = 2), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center (n = 2), Cleveland Clinic (n = 1), University of Washington (n = 1), and Kaiser Permanente (n = 1). A weighted z score was used to filter out environmental contaminants and facilitate efficient data triage and analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Pathogens identified by mNGS and the ability of a statistical model to prioritize, rank, and simplify mNGS results. Results The 7 participants ranged in age from 10 to 55 years, and 3 (43%) were female. A parasitic worm (Taenia solium, in 2 participants), a virus (HIV-1), and 4 fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus oryzae, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Candida dubliniensis) were identified among the 7 participants by using mNGS. Evaluating mNGS data with a weighted z score–based scoring algorithm reduced the reported microbial taxa by a mean of 87% (range, 41%-99%) when taxa with a combined score of 0 or less were removed, effectively separating bona fide pathogen sequences from spurious environmental sequences so that, in each case, the causative pathogen was found within the top 2 scoring microbes identified using the algorithm. Conclusions and Relevance Diverse microbial pathogens were identified by mNGS in the CSF of patients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis, including a case of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis that defied diagnosis for 1 year, the first reported case of CNS vasculitis caused by Aspergillus oryzae, and the fourth reported case of C dubliniensis meningitis. Prioritizing metagenomic data with a scoring algorithm greatly clarified data interpretation and highlighted the problem of attributing biological significance to organisms present in control samples used for metagenomic sequencing studies.